ETS Form 1 Practice Exam

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• Which perturbation measure is used to determine the amount of noise in the voice?
• A 60-year-old man with mild aphasia after a stroke shows word-finding difficulties; the most appropriate course of action is to?
• An Alzheimer-type dementia is typically associated with impairment in which cognitive domain?
• What term describes the consistency of test results across different examiners?
• Which observation most strongly indicates a neuromuscular motor-speech disorder?
• What is the major component of an audiologic rehabilitation program for infants with moderate sensorineural hearing loss?
• Which statement best describes the current understanding of intensive phonemic-awareness training and reading?
• Which situation would undermine the reliability of a diagnostic speech-language assessment?
• Which statement best reflects recommended strategy for early language intervention in at-risk infants?
• A videofluoroscopic study shows post-swallow vallecular residue occupying more than 50 percent vallecular height. What is the most likely overt symptom?
• Which communication disorder is most frequently associated with significant dysphagia?
• A statement describing a speech disorder as non-physiological is best defined as lacking identifiable physiological impairment.
• Which option best completes the statement: For efficient treatment of phonological errors, a clinician would most likely
• Which term describes insertion of a schwa into a stop-plus-liquid cluster?
• The sentence 'Visiting friends can be a nuisance' is often used to test which language ability?
• In single-subject research, which design alternates periods with and without intervention to demonstrate causal effects?
• The major objective of auditory training in the treatment of a client with a hearing loss is to
• An adult client exhibits visuospatial disorganization, an inability to initiate interactions, left-side neglect, and lack of facial expression. This combination is most likely associated with which of the following?
• For which condition is a palatal-lift appliance considered appropriate?
• For an expressive morphology and syntax assessment of AAVE speakers, which item would be LEAST biased against such speakers?
• Which outcome is a typical functional consequence of injury to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?
• What is the primary effect of prolonged speech in fluency management?
• Which objective reflects a linguistic approach to treatment?
• Cognitive therapy for stuttering focuses on which of the following?
• In the study of loudness and dysarthria, which variable did the researchers focus on?
• Which professional should evaluate the auditory function of an infant with suspected hearing problems?
• Which view is best for observing all stages of a swallow during a videofluoroscopic swallow study?
• Which professional is most likely to manage recurrent otitis media with effusion and arrange audiological assessment?
• Linguistic competence is best described as a speaker's underlying knowledge of language rules, whereas linguistic performance is the actual language use in communication.
• Compared with early-stage dementia, early impairment in Alzheimer’s-type dementia more prominently involves
• The speech reception threshold (SRT) is a basic component of a hearing evaluation. Which statement about the SRT is most accurate?
• Which procedure would be effective in remediating a falsetto voice for an adult male with severe bilateral hearing loss?
• In a within-subjects experimental design, which statement is true?
• Ms. Lopez's articulation errors include f/v, ʃ/ʒ, and s/z. Remediation should focus on which category?
• Damage to which anatomical structure is most associated with the signs of tongue weakness, nasal regurgitation, and vocal-fold weakness suggesting cranial nerve involvement?
• A clinician who employs active listening is doing which of the following?
• A child with discourse problems would most benefit from remediation focusing on
• Which statement about providing language intervention for Fela, a speaker of AAVE in a SAE classroom, is NOT an appropriate rationale?
• The utterances 'Book read me.' and 'Me TV see.' from a 3-year-old monolingual English-speaking child indicate a problem with which language domain?
• For which area should evaluation focus first when a child substitutes 'pun' for 'spoon' and 'soap' for 'top'?
• From studies on poor auditory memory in children with language impairments, what cautious conclusion is supported?
• What is the most reasonable standard to apply when judging whether a client has achieved generalization of a targeted skill?
• Under federal laws, client records kept by health care professionals can be
• In a swallowing diagram of oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal structures, which description best fits the bolus transit at the moment depicted?
• Why is retesting after three to five weeks recommended in impedance/immittance screening?
• Excessive nasal airflow during speech can best be detected by which tactic?
• A 6-year-old substitutes [t] for /s/, [d] for /z/, [p] for /f/, and [b] for /v/. Intervention would target which linguistic level?
• Which individual would a recommendation for an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) intervention be least appropriate?
• A patient has poor upper esophageal sphincter opening due to decreased hyolaryngeal excursion after a lateral medullary stroke. Which of the following would be the most appropriate initial treatment?
• What is the most serious limitation of using imitation as an intervention for language impairment?
• An anomic aphasia patient who is a native Spanish speaker producing the word 'shoes' as [tʃuz] on a repetition task; which factor is most likely responsible?
• Which research design is most informative for determining whether an intervention caused observed change in a single participant?
• A 5-year-old with repaired cleft palate continues to use compensatory articulations; what is the most appropriate next step for the SLP?
• Which finding would most strongly indicate right-hemisphere involvement rather than left-hemisphere language-area damage?
• To promote greater independence near treatment completion for a brain-injury client, which strategy is most appropriate to teach?
• A patient shows weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations of the right tongue and lower face, along with right vocal-fold weakness and nasal regurgitation; these signs are most consistent with damage to which part of the nervous system?
• What should be the primary focus of early language intervention for at-risk infants?
• Which finding would most clearly indicate a neuromotor basis for speech difficulties?
• Which statement describes the goal of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)?
• Before initiating voice intervention, what is most important for the SLP to determine?
• When a district's maximum SLP caseload is near limit and there is a waiting list, what is the most appropriate action for the SLP?
• Of the following sentences, which represents the greatest degree of syntactic complexity?
• In semantic-syntactic analysis, which construction is represented by the utterance 'No kitty'?
• A self-referred adult with history of dropping out, 30% disfluency, depression and anxiety; most appropriate action?
• An individual attempting to sustain /f/ is shown in a midsagittal view. The most important reason why this speaker will not produce an acceptable /f/ is that
• Which type of cerebral palsy is characterized by slow, arrhythmic writhing and involuntary movements of the extremities?
• In a two-choice discrimination task, what does a 51% correct rate imply?
• What is the most appropriate first step for the director of a new speech-language clinic to secure referrals?
• Which of the following, if observed in the speech of an African American child, is most likely to represent a dialectical variation rather than an articulation error?
• In a patient with mild aphasia showing word retrieval difficulties after a stroke, which treatment focus is most appropriate?
• Which utterance demonstrates denial in the child's speech?
• According to Brown's morphemes, which factor determines the order of morpheme acquisition?
• Six months ago, an SLP evaluated Molly, a 4-year-old, and reported that her fluency development was within normal limits. Based on this information, what is the most appropriate current conclusion about whether she needs fluency intervention?
• An SLP evaluates a 22-year-old man with brain injury, unconscious for days, with prolonged posttraumatic amnesia. Which domain is most likely impaired?
• Based on the described consonant and word-shape inventory, which statement is most accurate about the child’s development?
• Which limitation could affect generalization in the study?
• Which error is most persistent during normal development for English-speaking children?
• For a child presenting with clear signs of motor-speech involvement, which specialist is most appropriate to obtain definitive neurological assessment?
• Research on intensive phonemic-awareness treatment for reading suggests that
• A 4-year-old child presents with general speech patterns including liquid gliding, stridency deletion, final-consonant deletion, and consonant-cluster reduction. The most appropriate recommendation is to
• In the context of increased loudness in dysarthria, which finding is reported?
• Which referral is most appropriate to obtain additional diagnostic information when signs point to a neurological involvement affecting speech?
• When assessing a child with an acquired brain injury, what is most important to compare to set appropriate goals?
• Which acoustic cue most strongly distinguishes between an unreleased final /p/ and /b/, as in cap versus cab?
• Which professional is best suited to evaluate fine motor skills required for handwriting and classroom tasks?
• Around 10 months of age, a typically developing child begins to express specific intentions by which means?
• Which outcome best indicates improvement in swallowing safety after therapy aimed at improving oral containment?
• In acute Wernicke's aphasia, the initial therapeutic focus should be on
• Which utterance demonstrates an agent + action construction?
• Which statement best describes the use of fluency strategies as a group?
• A confrontation naming score below norms can indicate naming difficulty, but what cannot be determined from this score alone?
• Which elements are emphasized in treatment for apraxia of speech?
• A man in his forties with chronic stress, heavy voice use, hard-driving personality, and glottal fry has a high risk for which condition?
• What does anosognosia refer to?
• Which muscle depresses the soft palate, providing an action opposite to velopharyngeal closure?
• What type of hearing loss is most commonly associated with recurrent otitis media with effusion in children?
• After a cardiothoracic surgical procedure, a patient develops left vocal fold paralysis and left pharyngeal paresis. Which is the most likely etiology?
• A physician told the spouse that melodic intonation therapy would improve speech considerably. What is the most appropriate next action by the SLP?
• Which symptom best indicates right-hemisphere cognitive-communication involvement (as opposed to left-hemisphere language impairment)?
• In comparing Alzheimer-type dementia with aphasia from a CVA, a key difference is that
• Counseling the parents of a child with an articulation disorder, developmental norms show which of the following?
• Which statement best describes cohesive devices in discourse?
• Which statement about velopharyngeal closure and nasal airflow best aligns with the material presented in the context of a nasal airflow assessment?
• Which study design is most limited due to the absence of a control group?
• Which action will most effectively control the problem of overreferral in school screening programs that use impedance/immittance measurements?
• Children diagnosed with specific language impairment typically show the greatest deficits in which area?
• What does SOAP stand for in clinical documentation?
• What is the best initial action for a client with poor oral control of liquids and solids, coughing while eating, and a history of pneumonia?
• A correct-response rate of 51 percent on a two-choice picture-pointing task most likely indicates what?
• The left recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates which areas?
• Hearing loss in infants born with a cleft palate is usually related to which of the following?
• Which goal best addresses a young child's pragmatic use of language in everyday contexts?
• Which goal best targets pragmatic language development in a child?
• Which approach would most likely aid a client with aphonia?
• If a child demonstrates multiple production errors, which initial sound should be targeted according to established developmental norms?
• Which professional should be consulted to construct a palatal-lift appliance?
• In assessing a speech disorder following a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), which information is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management?
• Hyolaryngeal excursion during swallowing primarily serves to accomplish which of the following?
• If a child's language exhibits the phonological process of gliding, the child might say [wɛd] for "red." When asked, "Do you mean wed?" the child may respond, "No! [wɛd]!" Such a response demonstrates which of the following?
• A 60-year-old woman with a suspected neurological disorder earns 35/50 on a confrontation object-naming task, below norms for her age and educational level. Based on these results alone, which statement can most reliably be made about her condition?
• Developmental norms are used to demonstrate that a certain percentage of children of a given age can correctly articulate the target sound.
• A child repeatedly inserts an inappropriate sound in certain environments (e.g., [fpɪʃ] for [fɪʃ]). Which target would be most helpful for treatment?
• The left recurrent laryngeal nerve courses under which structure?
• Which professional is most appropriate for initial consultation when a child may have neurological involvement affecting communication?
• Which aphasia is characterized by dysfluent, telegraphic utterances with relatively preserved repetition?
• Which statement best summarizes the motor speech features of dysarthria?
• Which information is most helpful in differentiating childhood apraxia of speech from flaccid dysarthria in a child?
• In assessing a 4-year-old with disfluency, which characteristic is most diagnostic for distinguishing stuttering from typical development?
• Which statement about velopharyngeal closure and nasal airflow is correct?
• For an adult with dementia, which approach is most appropriate to maximize communication success?
• Which statement most accurately represents the etiology of cleft palate?
• A 32-month-old child with delayed speech presents with speech behaviors typical of which disorder?
• Which item is an example of a phonological error pattern rather than a motor-speech impairment?
• In African American Vernacular English, which pattern would most likely be considered a dialectal variation rather than an articulation error?
• Naturalistic teaching chiefly involves which of the following?
• Which condition is essential to maintain sufficient intraoral air pressure for the production of fricatives such as /f/?
• Which statement is NOT a typical characteristic of transcortical motor aphasia?
• Which of the following statements about whispered speech is accurate?
• Which scenario would most likely benefit from augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) intervention?
• To justify providing individual treatment for a 2½ year old with apraxia of speech, which item would be LEAST important to include in the evaluation report?
• The chewing technique in voice therapy is used to
• Which statement best explains why therapy for language loss due to brain injury would differ from therapy for language loss due to a progressive disorder?
• Which observation would most strongly indicate a motor-based impairment over a phonological-only issue?
• Which of the following is the ratio of reinforcement that will most quickly cause a newly acquired behavior to be habituated?
• Primary motor innervation to the larynx and velum is provided by which cranial nerve?
• A primary goal for a speech-language pathologist working with a late-stage dementia patient is to
• The misordered utterances 'Book read me' and 'Me TV see' indicate a difficulty with which linguistic domain?
• A 3-year-old child is evaluated for speech sounds. The child imitates but does not add new information to the conversation. Which problem is most likely?
• Which muscle has the greatest control over the fundamental frequency of the laryngeal tone?
• For a teacher dealing with a child who talks excessively in class and rarely listens, what is the most appropriate recommendation from the SLP?
• Which factor best explains the typical order of Brown's morphemes acquisition?
• On the basis of the information provided, what is the most likely developmental status of a 4-year-old boy who uses two words spontaneously and functionally, began walking at age 3, and responds inconsistently to his name?
• An SLP working with a nursing-home resident in the late stage of progressive dementia should most effectively focus on
• In differentiating childhood apraxia of speech from flaccid dysarthria in a child, which information provides the most diagnostic value?
• Which utterance demonstrates possession (possessor + possession)?
• Which statement correctly describes pullout in fluency management?
• Which muscle is primarily responsible for vocal fold abduction?
• Computer software for speech-language treatment is best used how?
• The sensorimotor integration of the muscles of the lower face depends on which two cranial nerves?
• Which factor is most important when selecting vocabulary for an AAC system?
• Which statement best describes the aim of the study investigating loudness and dysarthria?
• Hemifacial microsomia is commonly associated with which of the following features?
• Which observation would not suggest a physiological impairment underlying a speech disorder?
• A 70-year-old female with dysphagia has poor posterior oral containment during the oral preparatory stage. Which treatment is most appropriate?
• Fiber-optic instrumentation is most appropriate for evaluating which aspect of voice production?
• Which utterance demonstrates an attribute + entity construction?
• Based on the child’s case history, which activity would most improve speech intelligibility: CV, VC, and CVC sequence accuracy, or other?
• After removal of a benign tumor at the base of the brain, a 76-year-old has severe nasalization and a weak, breathy voice; four-month post-surgery assessment shows no improvement. Remediation should focus on?
• Which phonological process is demonstrated by substituting /r/ with [w]?
• The described consonant inventory and substitutions in the 4 1/2-year-old child most strongly indicate which condition?
• Which factor is most important for the SLP to consider when deciding if a 4-year-old is developmentally nonfluent or stuttering?
• A 4-month-old infant with low birth weight who passed a neonatal hearing screening fails to localize environmental sounds. The most appropriate recommendation is?
• Successful use of an alternative and augmentative communication system is most effectively achieved with which approach?
• In comparing therapy for brain injury versus progressive disorder, which statement best reflects spontaneous recovery potential?
• Which observation would best satisfy a diagnostic statement asserting a physiological (organic) cause for a child's communication problems?
• Which phonological error patterns are most appropriate to address first in a treatment program?
• In a case where a clinician seeks additional diagnostic information for a child with significant speech and oral-motor abnormalities, which specialist is most appropriate to consult?
• Which observation best distinguishes a motor-speech disorder from a purely phonological process issue?
• Which option best describes the ethical and practical first step for a new clinic to attract referral sources?
• Which finding would most strongly prompt a neurological evaluation when assessing a child with suspected motor-speech involvement?
• Given a 70-year-old patient with left-side neglect, anosognosia, and visuospatial problems, with good auditory comprehension and repetition but difficulties with topic maintenance, the diagnostic classification most consistent is?
• Which statement describes an important diagnostic distinction between apraxia of speech and dysarthria?
• Which statement about the three fluency management strategies (prolonged speech, cancellation, and pullout) is NOT true?
• Which is a typical symptom of cerebellar involvement?
• In an elderly patient with Alzheimer's disease and severe language deficits, what is the most appropriate next step for the speech-language pathologist?
• Which option would be most effective for maintaining communication for a client with progressive neuromuscular disease and deteriorating speech?
• Following anoxic encephalopathy, which area is typically most affected in the long term?
• Which outcome was not directly examined in the dysarthria study?
• In the Watson and Hughes study, which experimental design is used?
• What is the underlying rationale of linguistic approaches to treating speech sound errors?
• Following medialization thyroplasty for a paralyzed vocal fold, which therapeutic strategy is most appropriate?
• When treating a client using an electronic augmentative-communication device, the speech-language pathologist's primary goal should be to
• Which strategy is most effective for a 5-year-old child with multiple speech-production errors?
• Establishment of which of the following is most important in ensuring that the results of any diagnostic test of speech or language are replicable?
• After a CVA, a patient shows intact grammar and prosody but sentences that are meaningless with paraphasic errors, plus poor repetition and naming. Which brain region is most likely lesioned?
• Language impairment in a child with Down syndrome is often determined by comparing performance on standardized language tests with the child's mental age rather than with chronological age. Why can mental age legitimately be used as a performance criterion?
• Given the child’s age, which intervention strategy is most effective for speech and language development?
• Which videofluoroscopic view best demonstrates the symmetry of the swallow?
• What is the most likely limitation cited by Watson and Hughes regarding generalizing the loudness effects?
• In the assessment of a child with an acquired brain injury, which information is most critical for planning therapy goals?
• A 42-year-old client with advanced ALS has progressive severe dysarthria with articulatory weakness. Which will most effectively improve communication?
• Language intervention for a child at the one-word stage should be most strongly influenced by the child's
• Compared with children who do not have language disorders, children with language disorders tend to
• For a patient with communication and swallowing disorders due to AIDS, the speech-language pathologist should:
• Which statement best distinguishes a motor-speech disorder from a phonological process disorder?
• A child with recurrent otitis media with effusion typically experiences which type of hearing loss?
• Laborious, halting, telegraphic utterances are typical of which type of aphasia?
• What is the rationale for using standardized, norm-referenced instruments to assess speech-language functioning?
• A single exposure of several hours duration to continuous music with an overall level of 100 dB SPL will most likely produce
• A 12-year-old native Spanish speaker who has studied English as a second language for three years is most likely to do which in casual school conversations?